Ingredients glossary

Ash is not an ingredient but is included in the glossary because of the common misconception that it is. It’s actually a measurement of the non-combustible material in the food which is left after burning and indicates the total mineral content. All pet food labels must declare the ash content, but sometimes it is listed as “inorganic matter”.

Beet pulp is an excellent source of both soluble and insoluble fibre. Soluble fibre is used to produce short-chain fatty acids (which supply energy to the friendly bowel flora). It delays gastric emptying, so there is more time for absorption, and improves peristalsis (the contractions that move the food along the digestive tract). Insoluble fibre ensures an optimal transit time of food within the intestine, dilutes the colonic contents and binds to toxins, helps promote the right consistency of stool, and it may aid dietary satisfaction. Beet pulp is not a common allergen because it does not contain very much protein, nor does it turn the coat red.

Blackberries contain a type of antioxidant called anthocyanins that are especially helpful keeping free radicals in check within the brain and mouth. They are a good source of vitamin C, fibre, vitamin K & manganese, and human studies indicate they may improve blood sugar and insulin response.

The anthocyanins in blackcurrants have been documented in people to have antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity effects, as well as protect blood vessels & provide cardiovascular support. They are a rich source of vitamin C (with approx. 2mg/100g) and also supply vitamin A, E and the B vitamin family. Blackcurrants also contain fibre, minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper) plus omega-3 & 6 fatty acids. In herbal medicine, their antihistamine properties are used to help with dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and feline asthma. Blackcurrants are *TRUE CURRANTS* they're not dried grapes

Black pepper contains a substance called piperine, which inhibits the metabolic breakdown of turmeric compounds in the gut and liver, allowing them to remain in the body for longer so that they have more time to work. The synergy (combined greater effect) of piperine and curcumin has been well-documented over many years. Black pepper also contains limonene and beta-caryophyllene - natural substances that may also protect against inflammation, cellular damage & progression to disease status, and it has its own antioxidant properties.

Blueberries contain more anthocyanins than any other fruit or berry. Blueberries have been extensively researched and several canine studies have been conducted. Researchers in Italy found that after 18 weeks, service dogs eating blueberries had a significant reduction of oxidative stress. Another study compared the antioxidant levels in sled dogs and found that those eating blueberries were much better protected against oxidative damage than the control group.

Carrots are a good source of fibre, plus many vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin K, manganese and potassium.

Chia seeds are the richest plant source of Omega-3 fatty acids. They contain many antioxidants (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) which have hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effects. These antioxidants are especially useful in helping to protect the heart and liver. Ayuverdic medicine suggests chia seeds nourish the blood & promote digestive regularity thanks to their ability to absorb water in the gastrointestinal tract, forming a gel-like substance, as well as reduce inflammation, promote kidney health and support proper hydration.

Our citrus extract supplement helps maintain a healthy microbiome and enhances immune response via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Citrus extract is a rich source of a type of antioxidant called flavonoids including hesperidin and naringin. Studies by the manufacturer have demonstrated its use may reduce the rate of infection, decrease virulence factors (disease evoking elements produced by bacteria including toxins and surface coatings that inhibit phagocytosis), stimulate mucus production (resulting in more goblet cells for better respiratory tract protection), increase local (natural/acquired) immunity, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (molecules that worsen inflammation) as well as decrease free radicals.

Pure, cold-pressed coconut oil has many benefits since it contains a diverse array of antioxidants (tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, flavonoids & polyphenols) that can help to keep damaging free radicals in check. It is a source of lauric acid which has anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties, as well as medium chain triglycerides that are beneficial to the gut and brain. It is a pure, cold-pressed source to help retain nutrient values.

Cranberries are very well recognised in human health for their benefits to the urinary system and research supports that it can have benefits to dogs and cats too. They contain D-mannose and hippuric acid, which prevent harmful bacteria from sticking to the mucosal walls, as well as arbutin, which is effective against certain bacteria and fungi, including Candida. Cranberries can also support oral health. Their antioxidant and antiviral properties further illustrate the versatility of this small but valuable fruit.

Curcumin has long been employed for a wide range of human health conditions in Indian Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, and its use in animals is now more widely studied. It is a compound found in the turmeric spice, which has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. It can also increase the number of antioxidants produced by the body to help protect against free radicals and stimulates the production of more bile in the liver which helps fat digestion. Curcumin’s bioavailability is enhanced by black pepper (which helps it to stay in the body for longer) and its absorption is improved by the inclusion of a highly digestible fat source.

Hippocrates (the forefather of modern medicine) referred to the elder tree as his "medicine chest" because of its many benefits. In people, elderberry supplementation has been shown to reduce the duration & symptoms of colds and flu. Elderberries contain the flavonols quercetin (which restricts histamine from being released from the cells), kaempferol (which is similar to & works well with quercetin) & isorhamnetin (particularly good for heart health).

Green tea extract (from the plant Camellia sinensis) is a source of antioxidants called catechins which provide support to the immune and cardiovascular systems. The Indians and Chinese have used the green tea for hundreds of years for a wide variety of uses including the treatment of headaches and aching body parts. It is approximately twice more antioxidant-active than vitamin C.

Lingonberries are a source of many antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols. Research indicates that the quercetin in lingonberries can reduce arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. These incredible little berries also have evidence supporting that their phytochemicals may be effective against Staphylococcus bacteria and inhibit bacterial growth orally. In women, there are studies showing that taking lingonberry extract regularly may reduce urinary tract infections (especially those caused by E Coli).

Linseed (flax) is a good source of fibre, Omega-3 alpha linolenic acid, Omega-6 linoleic acid, and lignans (which have antioxidant properties). It is rich in vitamins and minerals including vitamin B1, vitamin B3, manganese, magnesium, phosphorous and copper and may have particular benefits to the skin and hair as well as support a healthy digestion.

Maize (corn) is a complex carbohydrate which is a good source of energy, and nutrients including vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, manganese, phosphorous and fibre. It also contains the amino acids methionine and cysteine, which dogs can use to help manufacture taurine (important for heart health). Sweetcorn kernels are indigestible when fed raw, but when cooked within an extruded pet food, the digestibility exceeds 85%. Corn is a gluten-free grain.

Malt extract is the natural sugar (maltose) that is extracted from germinated barley grains, so it doesn’t contain any gluten, nor any protein. It is therefore safe for animals with a gluten sensitivity. It is very compatible with the yeast in the food and makes for an attractive umami flavour and aroma.

MSM (methyl-sulphonyl-methane) is a form of organic sulphur derived from pine bark which has many benefits due to its detoxifying, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is especially useful in terms of joint support as it helps disrupt the destruction of cartilage and protect articular cartilage, and blocks pain impulses in the nerve fibres. MSM also helps restore elasticity and permeability to cell membranes.

Mulberries are traditionally recognised in Unani, Ayurveda, & Chinese systems of medicine, and in 1985, the Ministry of Health of China recorded the mulberry as the first medicinal & edible fruit! They supply carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins (and are particularly rich in vitamin C), minerals (including iron), and fibre. They are also a diverse source of antioxidants: anthocyanins, cyanadin, chlorogenic acid, rutin & myricetin, and have anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. In Chinese medicine, mulberries are used to strengthen the joints, reduce hypotension, reduce fever, protect the liver & support the urinary tract.

Nucleotides are derived from a special type of nutritional yeast. They increase the surface area for the absorption of nutrients within the small intestine, which may improve the efficiency of the digestion. Nucleotides also support immunity as they help the defence cells to replicate more quickly when challenged, e.g., by infectious organisms.

Parsley is a good source of vitamins (vitamin B9, A, C and K) and minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium). It’s also a very flavourful herb and full of detoxifying chlorophyll).

Peas are a nutritious plant powerhouse and contain protein, fat, carbs and fibre. This low GI, low sodium ingredient is a good natural source of vitamins (inc A, B family, C & E) and minerals (including zinc, magnesium and potassium). Peas also contain lutein and zeaxanthin (antioxidants that are important for healthy vision).

Pea fibre is derived from the shells of peas, not the pods. It is used to increase the insoluble fibre content without upsetting the nutrient balance (it is mostly insoluble fibre), and can also improve texture, form/stability and "mouth-feel".

Pea starch is a low allergen ingredient that positively impacts the palatability of the food by improving its texture.

Pomegranate is rich in vitamin C, K and B9. It is also a good source of potassium (which helps regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions and nerve signals) and contains a very diverse array of antioxidants including flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins and anti-inflammatory alkaloids. Research has shown that the antioxidant properties of pomegranate may be especially effective alongside taurine and L-carnitine; together demonstrating vasoprotective activity (decreasing the vulnerability of blood vessels to cardiovascular risk factors).

White potato is a very digestible carbohydrate source, and it is rich in vitamin C, B6 and potassium. It is often an ideal alternative carbohydrate source for animals known or suspected to be allergic or intolerant to grains.

Potato protein helps controls ash levels and avoids the need to add an additional animal protein source if a limited ingredient recipe is required for sensitive animals. It is also good for food texture, and a source of the amino acids isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Prebiotic FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides) are derived from the chicory plant. This type of prebiotic can only be broken down by the friendly gut bacteria, and when this takes place, the energy that is produced is utilised by the beneficial flora and enables them to reproduce efficiently. A thriving colony of the good gut bacteria may limit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

Prebiotic MOS (mannose-oligosaccharides) are derived from yeast. This type of prebiotic stimulates the growth of the friendly gut flora, but it also acts as a gut security guard, mopping up pathogenic organisms and helping to transport them out of the body. In addition, prebiotic MOS has been demonstrated to increase the length and density of the intestinal villi (projections that increase the surface area for absorption).

Pumpkin seedcake is rich in protein, and a good source of methionine and cysteine (amino acids involved in heart, liver and skin support). It helps to regulate liver activities and has a protective effect on hepatic cells. It also supplies minerals (iron, zinc and magnesium) and carotene (precursor of vitamin A). It’s a source of tocopherols (antioxidants) and enhances the activity of other antioxidants.

Quercetin is a water-soluble plant pigment. Ours is derived from citrus fruits including oranges. Studies suggest that quercetin may promote antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, antiviral, and immunoprotective effects.

Rapeseed oil is a good source of vitamin E. It has a balanced Omega-6 to 3 ratio and is rich in the essential Omega-3 fatty acid alpha linolenic acid. It helps create a squeezable consistency to our Tasty Liver Treat.

Raspberries contain more ellagic acid (a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant) than any other fruit or berry. Ellagic acid can help protect collagen & reduce inflammation in uv light exposed skin and it is particularly beneficial to gut health. Raspberries are also rich in other antioxidants including quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, cyanidins, catechins, kaempferol, and salicylic acid.

Rice is a very digestible energy source and usually very well tolerated. We use white rice rather than brown because there are already effective fibre and B vitamin sources in our products. Rice is a gluten-free grain that contains little protein and is therefore not commonly associated with food allergies. It’s low in sodium and a natural source of vitamin B6 and magnesium. We use white rice (i.e., brown rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed) since quality is easier to assess, and this helps prevent spoilage and extend the storage life of this ingredient. It is also easier to digest minus the husks.

Rosehips are a rich natural source of vitamin C, pectic acid (which can help inhibit gut inflammation) and a type of antioxidant called carotenoids (which may help to decrease the risk of certain cancers and degenerative eye conditions). A rosehip supplement can contribute to skin and joint support because of its stabilising effects on cell membranes of stored erythrocyte cells and it is also a good source of vitamins A, E, K, B1, B2, B3 & B6.

Seaweed extract contains many phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals including iodine. Iodine is necessary for efficient cell respiration, nerve and muscle functioning, the growth and repair of tissues, and it helps to promote healthy skin, hair, teeth, and nails. Seaweed extract is included in the Arden Grange Partners canned food range.

Spirulina is a type of algae that contains beta carotene, vitamins B1, 2 and 3, iron and Omega-6 GLA (gamma-linolenic acid). It is a rich source of phycocyanin - a pigment with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects. Phycocyanin promotes blood cell regeneration, improves lymphocyte activity and boosts the lymphatic system to improve immune function/enhance disease resistance. Spirulina is also a very good source of detoxifying chlorophyll which works in tandem with phycocyanin.

Sweet potato is primarily used in the grain free recipes as a low GI, low sodium carbohydrate source for energy. It is highly nutritious and a good source of many vitamins, including vitamin C and the B vitamin family (especially B6 which helps the digestive enzymes break down food). It is also a good source of minerals (potassium, magnesium, iron, copper and manganese). Sweet potato is particularly rich in beta-carotene, which is important for healthy vision

Tapioca is a gluten-free, starchy novel carb source for energy derived from cassava root. It contains only a trace of protein so is rarely allergenic. It’s low in simple sugars and sodium and is a natural source of calcium and iron. It provides a great source of nourishment for the friendly gut flora

Tocopherols are a form of vitamin E used to help protect the food from oxidation and prolong the shelf life. Without a preservative of some kind, the fats would soon become rancid and spoil the product. Tocopherols are a safe and natural alternative to chemical antioxidants.

Yeast is a rich source of B vitamins, and animals like the umami flavour. We use nutritional yeast which is an inactivated type rarely associated with allergic responses. Yeast allergies can arise, but they are usually an adverse immune response to pathogenic yeasts growing on or inside of the bodies rather that to nutritional yeast. Our yeast contains no gluten.

Yucca extract is derived from sap which has been extracted from the yucca schidigera cactus (Mohave yucca). All our dry diets are supplemented with yucca extract since it may help reduce odour and lawn staining due to its capacity to bind ammonium waste products. It’s a good source of saponins which have antioxidant properties.

Chicken is a good source of protein, niacin (B3), vitamin B6, selenium and phosphorous. It is barn-reared (no battery/intensive farming) in the UK, and husbandry is set to the strict criteria stipulated by DEFRA. These legislations state how the birds are fed, cared for and handled. Many Arden Grange products include chicken because it is a well-researched and trusted pet food ingredient.

Our fresh chicken is surplus to the human food industry, so meets a very high standard of quality. Fresh chicken is included for its high palatability as well as its nutritional value. It’s rich in the essential amino acids valine, lysine & methionine that are important for muscle and collagen growth, brain and immune health, and helping to produce enzymes, antibodies and hormones as well as ensuring efficient uptake of minerals by the body. Some sources dislike fresh ingredients, stating that losses during cooking reduce the nutritional value of the food. However, these losses are mainly moisture, which is calorie neutral.

Our chicken meal comprises meat, bone and some offal. As it is a dry ingredient, it is a concentrated source of nutrients. Bone is a great natural source of minerals, and organ meat supplies vitamins (especially B12) and minerals (including iron). We don’t include any parts of the chicken that are indigestible such as feet, beaks or feathers. With the birds being farmed in the UK, like all livestock originally intended for the human food chain, there are strict antibiotic withdrawal periods, and it is illegal to use growth hormones.

Our chicken oil is rarely associated with adverse food reactions because it is filtered to remove large antigenic protein molecules (a food allergy is an adverse immune reaction to a dietary protein rather than a fat). Intolerances (where the immune system is not directly involved) are a little different, but as these are more likely to arise in response to less digestible and/or ingredients present at a very high level, the chicken oil inclusion is again rarely problematic. Chicken oil is a highly digestible energy source and supplies Omega-6 Arachidonic Acid (important for a healthy brain, skin, coat, metabolism and reproductive system) and vitamin D.

Digest is a natural flavouring made primarily from hydrolysed chicken livers. It is rarely associated with any allergic response and is generally considered safe for dogs and cats with chicken sensitivities. Almost all extruded pet food includes digest, but not all manufacturers declare it, and you might see it listed as “gravy”, “broth” or “stock”. If, however you are seeking a canine product that does not include chicken digest, our Sensitive Venison & Potato range includes a vegetarian source, and our fish based products include salmon digest as an alternative.

Duck is a highly nutritious novel protein source. It is considered a “rich” meat in a human diet, but the duck ingredients used in pet food are very digestible. The ducks are free-range and farmed in the UK.

A gamey, tasty meat that most dogs can’t resist. It is a great source of minerals (including iron, magnesium and potassium), and vitamins (especially B6 & B12).

Like all our meat meals, duck meal comprises meat, mineral-rich bone and nutritious, delicious offal. Only the nutritionally valuable parts are included, so no beaks, feathers, or feet are present. Some sources have expressed concerns regarding the use of grain-eating animals in grain-free diets, but during processing, the digestive tract is removed. This means that there will be no gizzard (in the avian species), stomach or intestinal contents present, which ensures the grain free products are safe for dogs and cats with grain sensitivities to eat. In terms of the meat, most of the protein eaten by the bird in the first place is either utilised or excreted, and the small amount of protein that may be present has a very altered structure to that of undigested grains and is very unlikely to have the ability to incite an allergic response.

Lamb is another excellent source of meat protein, and it is also rich in many important vitamins and minerals, which we like to derive naturally where possible. The lamb is reared outdoors in the UK, and like the chicken, is surplus to the human food industry - meaning a very high standard of quality. Red meats such as lamb have a high myoglobin content, an iron-rich protein which is what gives it its colour.

Our fresh lamb is an aromatic and tasty ingredient, and its inclusion can often even tempt a dog with the most discerning palate. Cuts of lamb for human consumption are often fatty, but the fat content of our lamb-based diets is only moderate. Lamb is a great source of vitamins (especially B3 and B12 which are important for skin and coat health) and minerals (including iron, phosphorus, selenium and zinc).

Our lamb meal is rich in calcium and is produced from meat, bone and some offal (including kidney and heart). It does not include wool, blood, heads, hooves, stomach/intestinal contents and specified risk material such as the spinal cord.

Pork provides an excellent novel protein source for dogs who suffer from allergies or intolerances to the more common meats such as chicken. Like our other meats, the pork is farmed in the UK, and it does not contain antibiotics or growth hormones. Pigs can be host to a type of roundworm called trichinella. However, in the UK, trichinella testing is a legal requirement, so you can be sure that the meat we use is free from this parasite. Pigs can also be affected by tapeworms and toxoplasma, but illness is only associated with eating raw or under-cooked pork meat. None of these organisms would survive our cooking process.

Fresh pork is a delicious meat that’s rich in vitamins B3, B6 and B12. It also supplies minerals (including selenium, zinc and iron). Cuts of pork for human consumption are often fatty, but the fat content of our pork-based diet is only moderate. Pork is often mistaken for a high sodium meat due to its inclusion in many processed foods such as sausages and bacon, but fresh pork (and pork meal) are very healthy ingredients for dogs.

This high quality, nutrient-rich ingredient comprises meat, bone and some offal. As with our other meals, it does not include any parts of the pig that do not offer a high nutritional value.

Pork liver is one of the main ingredients in our Tasty Liver Treat. It’s used for its nutritional value, flavour, and to give the product a soft, pâté-like consistency.

Salmon is extremely nutritious and a rich source of the Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, which have many health benefits due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Although people are advised to limit oily fish consumption, a properly formulated salmon-based dog food is perfectly safe to feed on a daily basis due to the diversity of ingredients and appropriate nutrient levels. The salmon is derived from fully traceable materials that are fit for human consumption and acceptable to the very stringent control measures imposed by the quality UK supermarkets.

Our salmon is reared for meat production in Scotland and is rigorously tested for contaminants to ensure its safety. Fresh salmon is particularly high in selenium, an important nutrient that is involved in DNA synthesis, thyroid hormone metabolism, and reproductive health. It is also a great source of vitamin B12.

Salmon meal is a concentrated and dried ingredient, which is produced from Scottish farmed fish. It’s protein-dense, and a very good source of various vitamins and minerals. Like our fresh salmon, it is tested for mercury and other heavy metal contaminants.

Salmon digest is an aromatic, natural palatant produced from minced fish. Like chicken digest, it’s hydrolysed - an enzyme is added which breaks down the proteins into short peptides to create a liquid consistency. It should not be problematic to dogs who have an oily fish allergy. Hydrolysis breaks down the protein fraction into tiny molecules of a low molecular weight that are very unlikely to annoy the immune system.

Turkey is a lean, tasty, tryptophan-rich white meat. Tryptophan is an important precursor to serotonin (the “happy hormone) and melatonin (which is needed for a good night’s sleep). The turkeys are free-range and farmed in the UK.

Fresh turkey is a great source of bioavailable protein, minerals (including selenium, zinc, magnesium & potassium) and vitamins (including B3, B6 & B12).

Turkey meal comprises meat, mineral-rich bone and tasty offal. Only the nutritionally valuable parts are included, so no beaks, feathers, or feet are present. As with the other species, the digestive tract is removed so that any undigested cereals eaten by the birds are not present in the ingredient (which is a concern raised by some owners with dogs with grain sensitivities).

Venison originally meant the meat of any game animal but now it refers primarily to the meat of antlered ungulates such as elk or deer. Venison is a great option for dogs who require a novel protein source, and it is healthy, lean and flavourful. It is also very highly digestible.

Fresh venison is a great protein source for dogs who cannot tolerate the more common meats or for those who simply love the robust flavour and delicious aroma! It’s an especially good source of haem iron (which is absorbed very efficiently). Non-haem iron (from plant sources) is less easily absorbed. Venison is also rich in other minerals and is one of the best nutritional sources of zinc. It’s full of vitamins and is a particularly good source of B6 and B12.

As with all our meal ingredients, venison meal is comprised only of the nutritionally valuable parts, so no hooves or hair. It includes muscle meat, mineral-rich bone meal and nutritious heart and kidney (but no stomach or intestinal contents).

Our white fish meets the agreed specifications and quality standards in accordance with national and international food regulations/legislations and is certified by ISO-9001, FEMAS (feed materials assurance scheme), MSC (marine stewardship council) and RFVS (responsible fishing vessel standard). The fish ingredients are screened for a range of heavy metals, including arsenic and mercury, and levels have never approached the permitted legal maximum (dictated by various EU directives and enforced in the UK by the FSA). The white fish species is predominantly haddock, and it is sourced from the North Sea/North Atlantic.

Fresh white fish is a healthy, light protein source that’s very digestible and often suited to even the most delicate digestion. It’s rich in many vitamins and minerals and is an especially good source of potassium (an important electrolyte that helps maintain the correct fluid balance within the body).

White fish meal is a concentrated dry ingredient, and an excellent protein source for very sensitive cats and dogs due to the high bioavailability of the amino acids it provides. It’s rich in minerals (calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc, iodine, iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, selenium and fluorine) and a valuable source of vitamins (especially vitamin B1, B2, B6 and B12).

Chondroitin is found naturally in the body, but it is also added to our food for its benefits to the joints. It is a vital part of cartilage and helps it to retain water, thus giving it elasticity. Research has shown that it has anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce/block destructive enzymes that break down collagen in the joints. There is always a low level of these enzymes, but when injury or abnormal wear occurs, they multiply. Our chondroitin is derived from poultry.

Eggs contain protein of the very highest biological value, and their inclusion ensures products with an excellent amino acid profile (amino acids are the “building blocks” of protein). Eggs are naturally rich in vitamins (including vitamin A, D, B2, B5, B7, B9 and B12) and minerals (including selenium and phosphorous). They are also a good source of choline, which is important for liver function, healthy brain development, muscle movement, the nervous system and metabolism. Our eggs are from barn-reared chickens.

Some of our products contain a blended fish meal. This is a UK produced ingredient which is composed primarily of whiting and herring. Fish meal is a natural and balanced feed ingredient that is high in protein, minerals, vitamins and micronutrients.

Glucosamine provides the building blocks to synthesise new joint cartilage, and together with chondroitin and MSM may support joint mobility and longevity. Our glucosamine is derived from crustacean shells.

Our krill meal is made from sustainably sourced Antarctic krill. It is caught using special technology to ensure that it is brought aboard live and fresh, and without netting any of its natural predators, including sea birds, seals and penguins. The producer is MSC (Marine Stewardship Council) certified and works with the WWF (World Wildlife Fund) Norway. Krill is a superior and pure source of the Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA which have many recognised health benefits, and are important to the nervous system, heart and eyes as well as many other cells, tissues and organs in the body. EPA and DHA's anti-inflammatory properties are also well documented. Krill meal’s fatty acids are bound to phospholipids (rather than triglycerides); a form which ensures that tissue uptake is particularly effective. The presence of choline is beneficial since this nutrient supports cell structure and function, gene regulation and fat metabolism. Astaxanthin is also contained within krill meal, and this has very powerful natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Krill meal is also a very nutritionally valuable source of protein with an excellent essential amino acid profile.

L-carnitine plays an important role in the production of energy by transporting fatty acids to the mitochondria (the “energy packs” of the cells). It increases fat metabolism in the skeletal and cardiac muscle and helps improve stamina. Although it is naturally present in meat, fish and egg, our recipes formulated for dogs that may benefit from increased levels have an L-carnitine supplement added.

Taurine is an essential nutrient for cats because they cannot manufacture enough of it themselves, and therefore it is added to our feline range. Taurine is especially important for healthy vision, reproduction and cardiovascular function. The Arden Grange Performance contains a taurine supplement since active, working and sporting dogs may benefit from a higher level to support the heart muscle. It is also included in our grain-free products.

Sweet potato is primarily used in the grain free recipes as a low GI, low sodium carbohydrate source for energy. It is highly nutritious and a good source of many vitamins, including vitamin C and the B vitamin family (especially B6 which helps the digestive enzymes break down food). It is also a good source of the minerals potassium, magnesium, iron, copper and manganese. Sweet potato is particularly rich in beta-carotene, which is important for healthy vision [Lewandowski et al., 20211.

Coconut oil has many benefits since it contains a diverse array of antioxidants (tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, flavonoids & polyphenols) that can help to keep damaging free radicals in check. It is a source of lauric acid which has anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties, as well as medium chain triglycerides that are beneficial to the gut and brain [Wallace, 20181. It is a pure, cold-pressed source to help retain nutrient values.

Spirulina is a type of algae that contains beta carotene, vitamins Bl, 2 and 3, iron and Omega-6 GLA (gamma-linolenic acid). It is a rich source of phycocyanin - a pigment with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects, and has been recently reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties [Satyaraj et al., 20211. Phycocyanin promotes blood cell regeneration, improves lymphocyte activity and boosts the lymphatic system to improve immune function/enhance disease resistance. Spirulina is also a very good source of detoxifying chlorophyll which works in tandem with phycocyanin.

Chia seeds are the richest plant source of Omega-3 fatty acids, which have many benefits due to their anti-inflammatory properties [Kulczynski et al., 20191. They contain many antioxidants (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) which have hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effects. These antioxidants are especially useful in helping to protect the heart and liver. Ayuverdic medicine suggests chia seeds nourish the blood & promote digestive regularity thanks to their ability to absorb water in the gastrointestinal tract, forming a gel-like substance, as well as reduce inflammation, promote kidney health and support proper hydration.

A variety of concentrated dried fruit extracts are included for their antioxidant properties [Kalt et al., 20191.

Cranberries are very well recognised in human health for their benefits to the urinary system and research supports that it can have benefits to dogs too [Chou, Chen, Wang and Lee, 20161. They contain D-mannose and hippuric acid, which prevent harmful bacteria from sticking to the mucosaI walls, as well as arbutin, which is effective against certain bacteria and fungi, including Candida. Cranberries can also support oral health [Nowaczyk et al., 20211. The antioxidant and antiviral properties of cranberries further illustrate the versatility of this small but valuable fruit.

Pomegranate is a nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamin C, K and B9. It is also a good source of potassium (which helps regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions and nerve signals) and contains a very diverse array of antioxidants including flavonoids, anthocyanins, punicic acid, ellagitannins and anti-inflammatory alkaloids. Research has shown that the antioxidant properties of pomegranate may be especially effective alongside taurine and L-carnitine; together demonstrating vasoprotective activity (decreasing the vulnerability of blood vessels to cardiovascular risk factors) [Baumgartner-Parzer et al., 2012].

Although more research is required, human research indicates pomegranate may reduce hypertension, delay muscle soreness/improve recovery after weight training sessions, reduce inflammation in the gut and improve memory. Studies are underway to examine the effects of pomegranate juice on inflammatory markers of patients hospitalised with covid-19 [Tito et al., 2021].

Blueberries contain more anthocyanins than any other fruit or berry, even acai berries. They grow prolifically in the UK and EU, unlike Acai berries which only grow near the Equator. Blueberries have been extensively researched and several canine studies have been conducted. Researchers in Italy found that after 18 weeks, service dogs eating blueberries had a significant reduction of oxidative stress [Sechi et al., 2017]. Another study compared the antioxidant levels in sled dogs and found that those eating blueberries were much better protected against oxidative damage than the control group [Dunlap, Reynolds and Duffy, 2006].

Mulberries are traditionally recognised in Unani, Ayurveda, & Chinese systems of medicine, and in 1985, the Ministry of Health of China recorded the mulberry as the first medicinal & edible fruit! They supply carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins (and are particularly rich in vitamin C), minerals (including iron), and fibre. They are also a diverse source of antioxidants: anthocyanins, cyanadin, chlorogenic acid, rutin & myricetin, and have anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties [Jan et al., 2021]. In Chinese medicine, mulberries are used to strengthen the joints, reduce hypotension, reduce fever, protect the liver & support the urinary tract.

Lingonberries are a source of many antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols. Research indicates that the quercetin in lingonberries can reduce arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. These incredible little berries also have evidence supporting that their phytochemicals may be effective against Staphylococcus bacteria and inhibit bacterial growth orally. In women, there are studies showing that taking mulberry extract regularly can reduce urinary tract infections (especially those caused by E Coli) [Kowalska, 2021].

Rosehips are a rich natural source of vitamin C, pectic acid (which can help inhibit gut inflammation) and a type of antioxidant called carotenoids (which may help to decrease the risk of certain cancers and degenerative eye conditions). In people there are promising ongoing studies that suggest in future rosehips could provide a viable alternative to NSAIDs [Mármol et al., 2017]. A rosehip supplement can contribute to skin and joint support because of its stabilising effects on cell membranes of stored erythrocyte cells and it is also a good source of vitamins A, E, K, B1, B2, B3 & B6.

The Arden Grange Grain Free dry dog food range with this particular Superfood Blend inclusion consists of: -

• Grain Free Puppy/Junior Chicken & Superfoods – Can be fed from weaning up until pups are at adult height, and may also be fed to adult dogs requiring more protein and fat (e.g. pregnant/lactating bitches, working/sporting dogs).
• Grain Free Light/Senior Chicken & Superfoods – For adult/senior dogs who are weight watching and/or require more joint support, and may also be fed to younger dogs who would benefit from a lower fat/higher fibre diet.
• Grain Free Adult Chicken & Superfoods – For adult & older dogs of all breeds/sizes who will thrive on a wholesome white meat diet which offers great digestive support.
• Grain Free Adult Turkey & Superfoods – For adult & older dogs of all breeds/sizes, especially those with delicate digestion who require a gentle protein source.
• Grain Free Adult Duck & Superfoods – For adult & older dogs of all breeds/sizes, especially those requiring a nutritious novel protein source.
• Grain Free Adult Lamb & Superfoods – For adult & older dogs of all breeds/sizes, especially discerning eaters who may enjoy the delicious taste of grass-fed lamb.
• Grain Free Adult Salmon & Superfoods – For adult & older dogs of all breeds/sizes, especially those who would benefit from a nutritious oily fish-based diet to help support the skin/coat and brain.
  

The proprietary citrus extract supplement helps maintain a healthy microbiome and enhances immune response via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Citrus extracts are a rich source of a type of antioxidant called flavonoids including hesperidin and naringin. These benefits are well-researched [Oboh and Ademosun, 2011]. The company that manufactures this ingredient has produced multiple peer-reviewed publications regarding its efficacy in conjunction with several veterinary organisations, one of which shows that it is able to reduce the risk of kennel cough.

Citrus extracts reduce the rate of infection, decrease virulence factors (disease evoking elements produced by bacteria including toxins and surface coatings that inhibit phagocytosis), stimulate mucus production (resulting in more goblet cells for better respiratory tract protection), increase local (natural/acquired) immunity, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (molecules that worsen inflammation) as well as decrease free radicals.

Citrus extracts have protective effects on the gut and help increase short chain fatty acids (a major source of energy for the friendly bowel flora) as well as the diversity of friendly gut bacteria. They also have an inhibitory effect on certain food poisoning bugs - specifically C jejuni, S enterica & C perfringens, can reduce the invasion of neospora (a common protozoal parasite) as well as the virulence, adhesion, and motility of E coli. Citrus extracts may be especially beneficial to dogs with leaky gut syndrome (a more porous bowel).

Citrus extracts protect the body’s cells by reducing the permeability of challenge cells (making them easier to attack and reduce the rate of replication) and form tight junctions (barriers between epithelial cells that help reduce the spread of infection) by means of increasing two special proteins called occludin & ZO-1.

Curcumin has long been employed for a wide range of human health conditions in Indian Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, and its use in animals is now more widely studied [Colitti et al., 2012]. It is a compound found in the turmeric spice, which has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. It can also increase the number of antioxidants produced by the body to help protect against free radicals [Nelson et al., 2017] and stimulates the production of more bile in the liver which helps fat digestion. Curcumin’s bioavailability is enhanced by black pepper (which helps it to stay in the body for longer) and its absorption is improved by the inclusion of a highly digestible fat source.

Black pepper contains a substance called piperine, which inhibits the metabolic breakdown of turmeric compounds in the gut and liver, allowing them to remain in the body for longer so that they have more time to work. The synergy (combined greater effect) of piperine and curcumin has been well-documented over many years [Shoba et al., 1998]. Black pepper also contains limonene and beta-caryophyllene - natural substances that may also protect against inflammation, cellular damage & progression to disease status, and it has its own antioxidant properties.

A variety of concentrated dried fruit extracts are included for their antioxidant properties [Kalt et al., 2019]. The Arden Grange recipes have always included cranberries (to support urinary tract health), but these are now accompanied by (in descending order of inclusion): elderberries, rosehips, blackcurrants, blackberries, blueberries and raspberries.

Hippocrates (the forefather of modern medicine) referred to the elder tree as his "medicine chest" because of its many benefits. In people, elderberry supplementation has been shown to reduce the duration & symptoms of colds & flu. Elderberries contain the flavonols quercetin (which restricts histamine from being released from the cells), kaempferol (which is similar to & works well with quercetin) & isorhamnetin (particularly good for heart health) [Sidor and Gramza-Michałowska, 2015].

Rosehips are a rich natural source of vitamin C, pectic acid (which can help inhibit gut inflammation) & a type of antioxidant called carotenoids (which may decrease the risk of certain cancers and degenerative eye conditions). In people there are promising ongoing studies that suggest in future rosehips could provide a viable alternative to NSAIDs [Mármol et al., 2017]. A rosehip supplement can contribute to skin and joint support because of its stabilising effects on cell membranes of stored erythrocyte cells and it is also a good source of vitamins A, E, K, B1, B2, B3 & B6.

Blackcurrants contain a type of antioxidant called anthocyanins which have been documented in people to have antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity effects, as well as protect blood vessels & provide cardiovascular support [Cao, Park, Lee and Kim, 2021]. They are incredibly nutritious and also contain vitamin A, vitamin C (approx. 2mg/100g), B vitamins, vitamin E, fibre, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, plus Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids. In herbal medicine, blackcurrants’ natural antihistamine properties are used to help with dermatitis, conjunctivitis and respiratory conditions.

Blackberries also contain a type of antioxidant called anthocyanins. Research in people has shown that berry fruits like blackberries may improve brain health and support oral health as well as improve blood sugar and insulin response [Solverson et al., 2018]. Blackberries are a good source of vitamin C, fibre, vitamin K & manganese.

Blueberries contain more anthocyanins than any other fruit or berry, even acai berries. They grow prolifically in the UK, unlike Acai berries which only grow near the Equator. Blueberries have been extensively researched and several canine studies have been conducted. Researchers in Italy found that after 18 weeks, service dogs eating blueberries had a significant reduction of oxidative stress [Sechi et al., 2017]. Another study compared the antioxidant levels in sled dogs and found that those eating blueberries were much better protected against oxidative damage than the control group [Dunlap, Reynolds and Duffy, 2006].

Raspberries contain more ellagic acid (a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant) than any other fruit or berry. Ellagic acid can help protect collagen & reduce inflammation in uv light exposed skin and it is particularly beneficial to gut health [Yang et al., 2020)]. Raspberries are also rich in other antioxidants including quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, cyanidins, catechins, kaempferol, and salicylic acid.

The Arden Grange Sensitive dry dog food range with the Superfood Blend inclusion consists of: -

• Sensitive Puppy/Junior – Can be fed from weaning up until pups are at adult height, and may also be fed to adult dogs requiring more protein and fat (e.g. pregnant/lactating bitches, working/sporting dogs).
• Sensitive Adult – For medium breeds with a normal activity level, and may also be fed to small breeds preferring a larger kibble or large breeds preferring a smaller kibble.
• *New* Sensitive Mini Adult – For small breeds with a normal activity level, and may also be fed to medium breeds preferring a smaller kibble.
• *New* Sensitive Adult large Breed – For large/giant breed adult dogs with a normal activity level, and may also be fed to small/medium breeds preferring a larger kibble or those requiring more joint support.
• Sensitive Light/Senior – For adult/senior dogs who are weight watching and/or require more joint support, and may also be fed to younger dogs who would benefit from a lower fat/higher fibre diet.